Flexible conductive materials possess excellent flexibility, stretchability, and electrical conductivity, enabling them to accommodate complex dynamic deformation modes, stretching, twisting, and wrinkling.This paper systematically reviews the structural characteristics, performance advantages, and fabrication features of the three major material systems, carbon-based materials, polymer composites, and novel flexible conductive materials, elucidates their electrical transport behavior and underlying mechanisms under mechanical deformation and cyclic strain, and compares the application limitations and shortcomings of different materials.Based on this, the paper summarizes current challenges regarding material performance synergy, long-term stability, processing costs, and large-scale fabrication, and analyzes future development directions such as composite structure design, mechanistic research, fabrication processes, and device integration. This paper systematically summarizes the common limitations across various device applications, providing a theoretical reference for the design and engineering applications of high-performance strain sensors and human-computer interaction devices.

This study strongly focuses on the topic "To what extent can mathematical modelling be used to calculate the maximum cornering speed of a Formula One car", which focuses on the practical application of mathematical modelling in the analysis of F1 car dynamics. Firstly, through the literature review, this paper introduced related concepts in physics and engineering. Next, modelling with different complexities is sorted out. Factors determining maximum cornering speed in F1 cars are also briefly introduced. Secondly, models are established, from the basic model of a mass point, the rigid body and the Paceijka Magic Formula. Thirdly, this paper analyzed them by theoretical derivation and chose independent situations to calculate theoretical results. Finally, it compared the percentage error with practical data and discussed the applicability and limitations, respectively. The results show that, with the increase of the complexity of the model, percentage error gradually decreases, much closer to the actual situation. However, at the same time, it also needs higher requirements in data analysis and handling. Therefore, mathematical modelling has strong explanatory ability here, but its scope of application still depends on the rationality of model assumptions. The conclusion of this study has a certain reference value for understanding the dynamics of racing cars and also helps to apply physics and math to practical engineering problems, which has a positive significance for learning vehicle dynamics and engineering modelling.

Soft robots represent an emerging class of robots characterized by strong adaptability, excellent flexibility, and high maneuverability. Today, they are widely used in fields such as bioengineering, disaster relief, industrial production, medical services, exploration, and surveying. Drive technology is a key factor limiting their performance. Based on a review and analysis of relevant domestic and international literature from recent years, this paper investigates three typical and common drive methods: pneumatic drive, hydraulic drive, and dielectric elastomer drive. The paper elucidates the principles and research progress of these three drive methods and compares their advantages and disadvantages from multiple perspectives, including response speed, execution accuracy, output power, and application scenarios. The results indicate that pneumatic drive technology is highly mature and offers balanced overall performance; hydraulic drive can achieve high output force and power but results in bulky equipment; and dielectric elastomer drive offers fast response speeds but requires a higher drive voltage. This study provides a theoretical reference for the selection of soft robot actuators and the research and development of hybrid drive systems.

Poleward mangrove planting is increasingly discussed as a coastal-restoration response to warming and habitat loss, yet planting at temperate estuarine sites may create trade-offs with existing tidal-flat and salt-marsh functions. This narrative review evaluates a prospective mangrove-planting scenario at Chongming Dongtan, with particular attention to crab-community reassembly and crab-mediated sediment and carbon processes. Evidence is separated into direct Chongming observations, adjacent evidence from eastern China, and mechanistic evidence from tropical and subtropical mangroves. Direct surveys show that the Dongtan crab assemblage is already dominated by the sesarmid Orisarma dehaani and the varunid Helice tientsinensis , while diking studies demonstrate that macrobenthic responses depend strongly on tidal connectivity. Mangrove planting could add structural and detrital resources, but dense or continuous stands could also contract open-flat habitat and redistribute rather than increase ecological functions. Three outcomes are proposed: habitat complementarity, functional substitution, and low-establishment engineering effects. Crabs may in turn alter planting trajectories through propagule consumption, bioturbation, and organic-matter redistribution. The review recommends replicated, reversible planting experiments that separate vegetation from engineering, retain mudflat and tidal-channel controls, and integrate crab traits, hydrology, sediment chemistry, greenhouse-gas fluxes, and remote sensing. The present evidence supports a testable adaptive experiment, not large-scale habitat conversion based on assumed benefits.

Benthic organisms have relatively limited mobility and long life cycles, enabling them to comprehensively reflect long-term changes in water quality, sediment conditions, and hydrological conditions. They are therefore important indicators for assessing the ecological health of lakes. This study integrates survey data on benthic animals in Dongting Lake from 2001 to 2025, with a particular focus on reviewing publicly available data from 2016 to 2025, and conducts stage-based visualization of three categories of indicators: phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic animals. The results show that the decline in total phosphorus concentrations and the improvement in water quality in Dongting Lake have provided a foundation for ecological restoration. However, publicly available data do not constitute a continuous time series collected annually using consistent methods. Data for the entire lake in 2020 and 2025 show that plankton density increased markedly, whereas benthic animal density remained relatively similar. Nevertheless, the Shannon-Wiener index of benthic animals was only 0.7 in 2025, suggesting that similar individual abundance does not necessarily indicate the recovery of community structure. Exploratory sampling in the nearshore waters of Junshan and Piaowei also revealed relatively few taxa and pronounced local dominance. Ecological restoration in Dongting Lake is jointly constrained by water quality, sediment conditions, hydrological connectivity, navigation, and shoreline habitats. Long-term monitoring based on fixed sampling sites, consistent seasons, and standardized taxonomic identification levels is therefore still needed.